Basic knowledge and skills in mathematical analysis and classical physics (mechanics, optics, and electromagnetism) are assumed.

Elements of physics and chemistry will be provided as a foundation for an adequate understanding of the physicochemical mechanisms underlying spectroscopic techniques. Concepts such as energy quantization, atomic structure, and bond formation will be introduced. The principles of various spectroscopic techniques (e.g., IR, Raman, UV-Vis, XRF, XPS, XRD) and their application in the field of cultural heritage will be examined. The final part of the course will be dedicated to introducing the basic concepts underlying dating methods such as Carbon-14, thermoluminescence, and electron spin resonance.

The course aims to provide students with a solid foundation in the basic principles of physics and chemistry relevant to the understanding of spectroscopic techniques. By introducing fundamental concepts such as energy quantization, atomic structure, and molecular bonding, the course prepares students to comprehend the physical and chemical processes underlying the main spectroscopic methods. A specific focus will be given to the application of these techniques in the study and conservation of cultural heritage. In addition, the course offers an introduction to scientific dating methods, providing students with the theoretical basis for understanding techniques such as radiocarbon dating, thermoluminescence, and electron spin resonance.

The course is structured around a combination of lectures and case-study-based discussions. Lectures will cover theoretical concepts and principles using visual aids, while selected applications in the field of cultural heritage will be presented through examples and real-life case studies. Active participation and guided discussions will be encouraged to promote critical thinking and interdisciplinary connections.

Student learning will be assessed through a final oral examination, during which students will be asked to discuss theoretical aspects of the techniques covered and their application to cultural heritage. The evaluation will also take into account the student’s ability to integrate and apply the acquired knowledge to specific case studies. Participation during the course may also contribute to the final assessment, particularly in the context of in-class discussions or assignments

1.  Introduction to the course

• Role of science in cultural heritage studies
• Overview of physicochemical methods in diagnostics and dating

2. Basic concepts in physics and chemistry

• Structure of matter
• Atomic theory and atomic structure
• Bond formation and molecular structure
• Energy levels and quantization

3.  Principles of spectroscopy

• Electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter
• Vibrational spectroscopy: IR and Raman
• Electronic spectroscopy: UV-Vis
• X-ray based techniques: XRF, XPS, XRD

4.  Applications in cultural heritage

• Case studies involving materials characterization
• Non-invasive and micro-invasive techniques
• Advantages and limitations of different methods

5. Introduction to scientific dating methods

• Principles of radiocarbon dating (C-14)
• Thermoluminescence (TL) dating
• Electron spin resonance (ESR)

6.  Review and discussion

• Integrated approach to diagnostics and dating
• Interdisciplinary collaboration in cultural heritage studies

1. ArtiFacts: Scientific Analysis for Art, Archaeology and Conservation, Barbara H. Stuart, ISBN: 9780470011970

2. Analytical Chemistry for Cultural Heritage, Rocco Mazzeo (Ed.), ISBN: 9783642071420

3. Scientific Methods and Cultural Heritage: An Introduction to the Application of Materials Science to Archaeometry and Conservation Science, Gilberto Artioli, ISBN: 9780199548262